Great Khans of the Mongol Empire

Founded the Mongol Empire and united the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia under his rule.

Served as regent of the Mongol Empire after Genghis Khan's death until Ögedei's election as Great Khan.

Expanded the empire westward into Europe and completed the conquest of the Jin dynasty in China.

Consolidated imperial administration and established diplomatic relations with European powers.

Reformed the empire's administration and launched major campaigns in China and the Middle East.

Last universally recognized Great Khan, founded Yuan Dynasty in China, but empire fractured into separate khanates during his reign.

Rival claimant to Great Khan title, controlled traditional Mongol heartland but was defeated by Kublai in civil war.

Founded the Yuan Dynasty in China and completed the Mongol conquest of the Song Dynasty.

Maintained stability in the Yuan Dynasty and strengthened trade relationships across the empire.

Continued administrative reforms and managed the complex relationships between Mongol khanates.

Promoted Confucian ideals while maintaining Mongol traditions and strengthening the Yuan administration.

Implemented administrative reforms and promoted education, but was assassinated in a coup.

Restored stability after the coup and maintained Mongol-Chinese administrative balance.

Brief reign during succession crisis, ruled for only a few months.

Ruled twice with interruption, promoted literature and arts during his reign.

Brief reign as part of succession dispute with his brother Jayaatu Khan.

Child emperor who died young after ruling for only 53 days.

Last Yuan emperor, lost China to the Ming Dynasty and retreated to Mongolia.

Fled from Beijing to Mongolia, established the Northern Yuan as a rump state.

Successfully defended Mongolia against Ming invasions, maintained Yuan legitimacy claims.

Last to use the 'Great Yuan' title before its abandonment, defeated by Ming at Buir Lake.

Abolished Han-style titles, marked transition to traditional Mongol governance.

Rival claimant during period of Oirat domination.

Eastern Mongol khan supported by Arugtai against Oirat influence.

Brief reign during the 'Period of Small Khans' fragmentation.

Oirat-backed khan, defeated by Öljei Temür Khan.

Protégé of Tamerlane, refused Ming tributary demands, defeated Ming at Battle of Kherlen.

Ariq Bökid prince enthroned by Oirats under Bahamu.

Continued Oirat-backed rule during their period of supremacy.

Last independent eastern khan before Oirat domination, murdered by Toghan.

Puppet of Esen Taishi, executed when he tried to assert independence.

Brother of Tayisung Khan, executed by Esen Taishi after brief reign.

Oirat leader who took khan title after murdering Tayisung Khan, captured Ming emperor in 1449.

Genghisid restoration after Esen's death, struggled against Oirat warlords.

Brief reign during succession struggles after Markörgis.

Effectively won over most Mongol warlords before his death, married Mandukhai.

Reunited the Mongol nation with Mandukhai, reorganized Mongolia into six tümens, restored Mongol power.

Son of Dayan Khan, brief rule as regent before his brother's accession.

Son of Dayan Khan, maintained his father's territorial gains.

Granted khan titles to cousins, beginning of renewed fragmentation.

Reunified the realm with help of Altan Khan, promoted Tibetan Buddhism as state religion.

Brief reign during transition period.

Maintained the unified realm established by Tümen Jasagtu.

Last Northern Yuan khan, fought losing war against rising Manchus and their Mongol allies.

Son of Ligdan Khan, surrendered to Qing dynasty and transferred the Imperial Seal, ending Northern Yuan.