Golden Horde and Successor States

Eldest son of Genghis Khan, predeceased his father, ancestor of Golden Horde khans.

Founder of the Golden Horde, conquered Russia and established Mongol rule in Eastern Europe.

Son of Batu, converted to Christianity and maintained diplomatic relations with European powers.

Brief reign, brother of Sartaq, maintained the western Mongol territories.

First Muslim ruler of the Golden Horde, allied with the Mamluks against the Ilkhanate.

Consolidated Golden Horde independence and issued the first Golden Horde coins.

Maintained stability and continued the Islamic conversion of the Golden Horde.

Nominal ruler under the influence of powerful commander Nogai Khan.

Defeated Nogai Khan and restored central authority to the Golden Horde.

Made Islam the official religion and presided over the Golden Horde's golden age.

Brief reign during succession crisis after Öz Beg's death.

Expanded territory into Poland and Lithuania, but faced internal rebellions.

Last strong ruler before the Golden Horde fragmented into competing khanates.

Pretended son of Jani Beg, murdered after brief rule.

Pretended son of Öz Beg or Jani Beg, killed in succession struggles.

Descendant of Shiban, murdered in civil war.

Son and murderer of Khidr Khan, killed in further conflicts.

Descendant of Tuqa-Timur, murdered in the chaos.

Pretended son of Jani Beg, killed in succession war.

Descendant of Tuqa-Timur, protégé of Mamai, ruled three separate times.

Brother of Khidr Khan, briefly expelled Abdallah.

Descendant of Shiban, expelled in factional struggles.

Descendant of Shiban, murdered in civil war.

Protégé of Hajji Cherkes of Astrakhan, briefly held power.

Brother of Khayr Pulad, expelled and likely killed.

Female ruler, daughter of Berdi Beg and wife of Mamai.

Protégé of Mamai, ruled twice with interruptions.

Descendant of Tuqa-Timur, briefly controlled western Golden Horde.

Pretended son of Jani Beg, protégé of Hajji Cherkes.

Brother of Khayr Pulad, very brief reign.

Son of Il Beg, abdicated under pressure.

Son of Khayr Pulad, abdicated before Tokhtamysh's conquest.

Last of Mamai's protégés, killed at Battle of Kulikovo.

Reunited Golden Horde, burned Moscow, defeated by Tamerlane and driven out by Edigu.

Son of Urus Khan, rival to Tokhtamysh in early period.

Descendant of Tuqa-Timur, protégé of Edigu who replaced Tokhtamysh.

Cousin of Timur Qutluq, continued under Edigu's control.

Son of Timur Qutluq, ruled twice under Edigu's influence.

Son of Tokhtamysh, ruled three times in succession struggles.

Son of Timur Qutluq, overthrew Edigu but was expelled and killed.

Eldest son of Tokhtamysh, Lithuanian protégé, murdered by brother.

Son of Tokhtamysh, Lithuanian protégé, killed by Karim Berdi.

Son of Tokhtamysh, ruled twice before being killed by brother.

Descendant of Tuqa-Timur, protégé of Edigu, went to Siberia with him.

Protégé of Edigu, deposed after 45 days due to inexperience.

Descendant of Tuqa-Timur, protégé of Edigu.

Son of Tokhtamysh, killed in battle against Edigu, who also perished.

Descendant of Shiban, protégé of Edigu's son Mansur.

Son of Quyurchuq, Timurid protégé, father of Janibek Abu-Said (ancestor of Kazakh khans).

Ruled twice, founded Khanate of Kazan in 1438 after being expelled.

Lithuanian protégé in Crimea, died same year he took Sarai.

Divided Golden Horde with Ulugh Muhammad, last ruler before final fragmentation.

Ruled between Dnieper and Don, lost Crimea in 1441, died in Lithuania.

Son of Kuchuk Muhammad, first Great Horde khan, founded Astrakhan Khanate.

Brother of Mahmud, lost Russia in 1480 at Great Stand on Ugra River.

Son of Ahmad, last Great Horde khan, defeated by Crimean Khanate in 1502.

Son of Ahmad, briefly displaced Shaykh Ahmad before being deposed.

Son of Ahmad, rival of Shaykh Ahmad until final defeat.

Founder of Crimean Khanate, established independence from Golden Horde.

Son of Haji Giray, ruled twice with Ottoman support.

Most important early khan, allied with Muscovy, sacked Sarai in 1502.

Brief reign during succession disputes.

Son of Mengli Giray, maintained Crimean-Ottoman alliance.

Brief reign, nephew of Mengli Giray.

Son of Mengli Giray, strengthened ties with Ottoman Empire.

Competed with Ivan IV for control of Kazan and Astrakhan, ultimately lost.

Burned Moscow in 1571, defeated by Ivan IV, lost Astrakhan to Russia.

Son of Devlet Giray, maintained Ottoman vassalage.

Brother of Mehmed II, brief reign during succession crisis.

Ruled twice, strengthened Crimean military organization.

Very brief reign, quickly deposed.

Brief reign during political instability.

Short reign, continued Ottoman vassalage.

Ruled twice, faced Cossack raids and internal strife.

Interrupted Janibek's rule, continued conflicts with Cossacks.

Brief reign during mid-17th century instability.

Strengthened Crimean defenses against Cossack raids.

Ruled twice, participated in Ottoman-Polish wars.

Ten-year reign, faced increasing Russian pressure.

Faced growing Ottoman control over Crimean affairs.

Ruled twice, participated in Ottoman wars against Austria and Poland.

Five-year reign during Ottoman-Habsburg conflicts.

Brief reign, deposed by Ottomans.

Very brief reign during succession disputes.

Ruled twice, faced Austrian-Ottoman war consequences.

Ruled twice during Great Northern War period.

Brief reign, continued Ottoman vassalage.

Ruled three times, longest-serving 18th century khan.

Brief reign during Ottoman succession period.

Seven-year reign, maintained traditional Crimean governance.

Ruled twice, faced increasing Russian expansion southward.

Brief reign during Russo-Turkish War.

Four-year reign during mid-18th century Ottoman reforms.

Five-year reign, continued traditional policies.

Ruled twice, faced growing Russian influence in Black Sea.

Ruled twice during Seven Years' War period.

Ruled twice, last effective independent Crimean khan.

Ruled twice during increasing Russian pressure.

Ruled three brief times during Russian occupation periods.

Ruled during Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca negotiations.

Brief reign after Crimean 'independence' declared by Russia.

Last Crimean khan, attempted reforms, overthrown by Russia in 1783.

Very brief reign during final Crimean independence struggle.

Founder of Kazan Khanate, former Golden Horde khan.

Son of Ulugh Muhammad, consolidated Kazan's independence.

Son of Mahmud, brief reign during succession disputes.

Brother of Khalil, twelve-year reign, strengthened the khanate.

Son of Ibrahim, ruled twice with Russian interference.

Russian protégé, ruled twice under Moscow's influence.

Very brief reign, quickly overthrown.

Russian-backed ruler, maintained vassalage to Moscow.

Long restoration, attempted to assert independence from Russia.

Russian protégé, ruled three times, last khan before Russian conquest.

Crimean prince, brought Crimean influence to Kazan.

Crimean prince, ruled twice, resisted Russian expansion.

Russian protégé during brief occupation.

Brief restoration before longer second reign.

Son of Safa Giray, last independent Kazan khan, overthrown by Ivan IV.

Son of Mahmud bin Kuchuk, founder of Astrakhan Khanate.

Son of Qasim I, strengthened control over Volga trade.

Son of Abd ar-Rahman, longest-reigning Astrakhan khan.

Son of Husayn, maintained independence amid growing Russian pressure.

Maintained Astrakhan's autonomy during mid-16th century.

Faced increasing Russian and Crimean interference.

Last khan of Astrakhan, conquered by Ivan IV in 1556.

Founder of Sibir Khanate, killed Ahmad Khan of Great Horde in 1481.

Son of Ibak, brief reign during succession disputes.

Strengthened Siberian tribal confederation.

Longest reign, consolidated Sibir Khanate's territorial extent.

Son of Qasim, faced increasing Russian expansion into Siberia.

Last effective Sibir khan, defeated by Yermak and Russian Cossacks in 1582.

Son of Kuchum, nominal ruler after Russian conquest.